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DaVinci Resolve Version 19 – Speech recognition
The public beta version has been available for some time and once again offers numerous new functions. Blackmagic Design (BM for short) is still releasing improved versions every few weeks, but many of the new features are already relatively stable and allow initial tests.
Kay’s script helper with AI!
AI is the big hype in every industry - at least if you believe breathless marketers who write newsletters to each other that nobody reads. But what if a VFX supervisor took on the topic? What does it do approximately? And now let's find out ....
What’s new in Flame
Autodesk is releasing the next version of Flame just in time for NAB. And once again, the update is a colourful bag of innovations. From minor optimisations to major new features, from product maintenance to fundamental changes, everything is included.
BMD Micro Color Panel
In addition to some new cameras, the Australians have also released a revised version of their smallest grading panel. Unlike the new camera models, it was already available for us to test.
Animating images with Resolve
"Breathing life" into static images with effects from DaVinci Resolve - so-called Cinemagrams - are easy to do - and in our new series "Resolve Tricks for Beginners" we'll start with them!
Virtual production on celluloid?
"What You Don't See" is a pioneering project that is one of the first to combine the oldest and one of the newest technologies in the film industry - 35mm film and LED volumes - in a scenic production.
Intelligent Media Assistant?
Isn't it time to say goodbye to old workflows? And put the hype surrounding AI to good use? Instead of breathless marketeer newsletters that nobody reads anyway, there are also useful applications - for example Cara One.
Virtual production with just one Samsung LED screen?
Let's be honest: large virtual production stages are cool, but they're also damn unwieldy - do you really need that many screens?
In 2022, Obsbot surprised us with its 4K AI model (see issue DP 22:06). Now they're back with Obsbot Tiny 2. Is the upgrade really 2024 fair or just a warm rehash like the next FIFA [year]? Let's find out!
WIND UP – Family drama on a desert island
As part of their second year of study, students from the VFX specialisation joined forces with all other departments at the Munich University of Television and Film to create a short film. This ambitious project combines various disciplines of the HFF and tells a dramatic story using visual effects.
Magic Nodes 2: New functions
The "Magic Nodes" extension for "Adobe After Effects" has
has been around for a while. This enables compositing in a Nodes network
with the Adobe programme. A look at the changes
and improvements in version 2.
Baby’s first pipeline
The first big project with multiple stakeholders can feel like a rollercoaster ride! A clear workflow is the secret recipe for smooth collaboration and communication between departments. You often hear the term "pipeline" - sounds technical, doesn't it? Don't panic! In this article, I'll show you how to set up a pipeline for your project - without any magic or programming!
From the left..
Nomen est omen. When reading the company name "Left Angle", anyone with any mathematical knowledge will think: "There's no such thing!" And it's a bit like that with your product, Autograph: a new compositing and motion design application that stands up to comparison with Nuke and After Effects. That doesn't even exist. Or is there?
IBC 2023: Adobe Premiere Pro with Francis Crossman
Francis Crossman shows how to remove pauses and filler words in text based editing and the removing of background noise.
A beastly good choice
The in-depth investigation of a FullCGI production with Houdini KineFX, Grooming and V-ray in Solaris.
VR beyond the hype
Although the hype surrounding the Apple Vision Pro is still going strong, VR has yet to really gain a foothold at home. However, where it is really picking up speed is in the area of "rides" and free roaming. Amusement parks are where the technology can be fully utilised, regardless of home PC compatibility. We ask ourselves, what does it all look like then?
Fritzi & Sophie
The cinema film of the story was produced in classic 2D. For the series, we opted for the "third dimension". This presented us with new challenges, but also opened up completely new doors. Blender was our main tool.
How do you shoot a film in the smallest setting imaginable, a closed car boot? Can you manage to maintain the narrative tension for 90 minutes and at the same time reinvent yourself visually time and again?
Shock Dog from Stuttgart
Now, we're known to be more cat fans than dog fans - but when we saw "The Nevers", that went from "more" to "definitely" not dog fans - because (without giving anything away from the story), the "Shock Dog", Dr Hague's pet, made us turn on the light in the room in the evening while watching it.
Film with a Phone?
It's almost 10 years since Austin Reza shot a film for Bentley's luxury cars: on an iPhone 5S. At the time, it was still in stylish black and white and with high contrasts - no doubt also to prevent artefacts from becoming too obvious. Back in 2011, Park Chan-wook and Park
Chan-kyong from South Korea even shot the fantasy horror "Night Fishing" on an iPhone 4 in colour and won a Golden Bear for the best short film. Apple itself, on the other hand, has generally shot its advertising films on cameras such as the Arri Alexa.
Comfy UI – AI for artists!
While some become the Stable Diffusion play child, and others lament the demise of the industry, we're staying out of this round of prophecy and looking at what you can really do with it as artists - and not as slightly brainwashed newsletter marketers.
SynthEyes at BorisFX
3D camera tracking, also known as "match moving" in the professional scene, is now offered by every better software for video editing or 3D. But when we compared a few such popular 3D trackers in DP 18:01, SynthEyes was already our high-end reference for good reason.
Nuke Utilities Volume 8 – Textures
You can have great footage under the pen - sometimes you just need a few extra details to give your comp the finishing touch. And so that we don't all keep using Nuke's own noise generator, this issue contains a small, fine collection of texture generators for Nuke.
Procedural Worldbuilding mit Unreal
We build realtime environments with Unreal's Procedural Content Generation Framework (PCG) - or do you really want to do everything by hand?
USD, Solaris and Karma in Houdini 20 (and elsewhere…)
Solaris saw the light of day 4 years ago in Houdini 18. When I tried it out for the first time back then, it was still very bumpy and initially put me off. One crash followed another. If that happens today, then it's probably due to the graphics card driver, which is supposed to be up to date.
Blender 4.1 goes into detail
The Blender release cycle consists of three new versions of the software per year. The first release is usually characterised by new features. The reason for this is that the third and final release is a Long Term Support (LTS) version, which is supplied with bug fixes for another two years.
Okay, we admit it: AI is slowly becoming interesting - even for everyday production. And as we see more and more tools that are relevant for artists, and not just for "tech bros", the more our workstation is glowing. So it's time for us to find out what it takes to work normally and what adjustments we can make to reconcile budget and computing power.
The Never Ending Story: Are Apple XDR devices suitable for reference use in colour grading?
This has been burning under my fingernails for a long time: Almost every day the question stumbles in on every colour grading forum: "My video looks different after export." 99 per cent of the cases concern Apple users. Just as often as this question comes up, the explanations are incomplete, incorrect or misleading. No wonder, the topic is complex.
The knights from the cutting table rush to the rescue
As I often work on several projects at the same time with Premiere, After Effects and Photoshop, it's difficult to keep track of the time spent. In my search for a solution, I came across "Knights of the Editing Table".
Monkeys, the fourth
The time has come: the next part of the "Planet of the Apes" saga - now number four - will be released in cinemas on 8 May. And that's why we simply asked Weta how they - instead of the apes - built the environment.
Prism Pipeline, the second
The technical requirements of animation and VFX productions are increasing every year - I don't have to tell you that. In most projects, a variety of tools are used to achieve the desired quality. In order to complete these increasingly complex projects within the specified deadlines, more powerful pipeline tools are also required.
Shadow play in Blender
Even though it is one of the youngest VFX degree programmes, the HFF already has a lot to show - and if we remember what we did in the second
what we did in the second semester, "Das Schattenspiel" is already worthy of note. But how did it come about?
Beauty-Grading in Resolve
Using software to approximate images of people to current conventions of beauty is work that has shifted more and more from compositing to the domain of grading. As the possibilities increased, so did the demands. Following on from the last article, which dealt with best practices in colour grading in general, we would like to take a very specific look at tips in the area of beauty and retouching. Here, too, we take the perspective of filmmakers who, for budgetary reasons, are "forced" to grade all or at least part of their films themselves and have already gained some experience in Resolve.
Spyder Checkr Video
Wasn't everything better when video by definition was still in black and white? Since colour was added, it has only become more complicated - but what the heck, there are helpers for that!
The discovery of slowness
Artificial slow motion, i.e. the calculation of additional intermediate images, has been around for a long time. The best methods to date have been called "optical flow", although this actually refers to the visual perception of movement in general. Now A.I. or neural networks are also establishing themselves here. We compare Twixtor 8, DaVinci Resolve 18.6 and Topaz Video AI 4.
What is the cloud? Besides the marketeering blurb, it is just someone else's computer - and if you need something to work on quick, a virtual machine on some cloud infrastructure, it is usually quicker and in some cases cheaper then setting up a workstation. If it were only easier..
Block Power Station
Routine tasks in video
editing are often time-consuming. For Premiere Pro and After Effects
there is a plugin that aims to make
programming easier.
"Automation Blocks" allows you to optimise the workflow in both applications and get results on screen faster.
Halation and diffusion – On the hunt for the ultimate film look
What do you do when digital cameras and modern lenses are too good? It's simple: you use software to simulate the technical weaknesses of analogue film or the filters that experienced cameramen use in such cases.
That’s not a microphone. THAT is a MICROPHONE
Audio recorders are available in all variations and even the wireless microphones from Rode, DJI or Hollyland now have an internal
have an internal memory and can therefore also be used standalone. You can often see on YouTube how someone holds a small microphone in front of their nose. It always looks a bit ridiculous. The Yellowtec iXM microphone is different. The scene from Crocodile Dundee comes to mind: "That's not a microphone. THIS is a MICROPHONE!" And it's big and made of metal with large control buttons. We tested whether it sounds as professional as it looks
The icing on the cake
We're almost finished with the big "Ideal workstation" series - but due to multiple trapped fingers, dropped hardware and an "accident" worthy of a bandage, we have to add a little more: Microphone arms. So we asked around and actually only got one answer: Take Yellowtec, it's good. Aha, but what is that?
ProArt: Big and small and gaming?
Professional monitors cost a lot of money. But what exactly defines "professional" and how close can you get to a real professional monitor with a mid-range panel for prosumers? Let's go poaching in the Asus range!
Nuke Utilities Volume 7 – Transform
It's time to move a few things. So this issue
this issue, our little collection of tools is all about Transform Tools. So we're distorting,
scaled, rotated and even morphed a little.
Trailer! Artificial intelligence meets media production
Trailer here, trailer there, bang-boom here, bang-boom there. It's always the same - "produce the coolest, never-before-seen trailer" to get people excited, encourage them to go to the cinema, watch a film on TV or on the streaming portal of their choice. And then came AI...
Unlocking Substrate: Insights for Unreal Engine’s Material System
In 2023 Epic Games presented Substrate – the new material authoring system for Unreal Engine 5. Mondlicht Studios, as a certified Unreal Engine service partner, had their trust and the
opportunity to test Substrate in its early stages and demonstrate what’s possible.
EbSynth is a free, beta-tested video animation software that enables AI-powered image manipulation. Users can create keyframes and apply effects, although the simple user interface is challenging. Although the results are promising, the programme requires planning and practice to achieve high quality animations.
Nobe OmniScope – so far!
Tom Huczek from TimeInPixels must be a very busy man. We have already presented his Nobe OmniScope in detail in DP 21:02 and 22:02, but enough new things have been added to take another look at this comprehensive display tool.
The next generation of water simulation
There are some things that get more complicated, the more
you look at them - simulation of physical phenomena is one of them. And as we saw at this year's Siggraph Conference,
there are people who are looking very closely!
Two decades of the Bison?
It’s very nice to have two years on a project – but there are some that run way longer. For example Platige
Image’s involvement in the commercials for „Żubr“, a polish beer brand. These have been made since 2004 – so it’s time to open a bottle and ask how the bison evolved!
Blender: An upgrade for our particle system – We lay pipes!
In issue 23:04|05 we learnt how to create a particle system with the new Simulation Nodes in Blender 3.6. In Blender 4.0, an interesting new function has been added that allows us to connect a series of points via curves. That would be a nice feature upgrade for our custom build. In addition, Cycles can now do light linking, which allows us to set the scene perfectly.
YC Onion Chocolate Cameraslider
A cheese that glides smoothly over chocolate?! When I was at this year's IBC in Hall 11, I met the well-known video blogger Aaron Parecki at Yolobox, who was travelling with an interesting monopod tripod
tripod. When I asked him where he had got it, he pointed to the neighbouring stand.
Like Ulanzi, YC Onion has a broad portfolio of camera gear in its programme
Programme. From various tripods with practical quick-release fasteners to
LED lamps, camera heads and mounts as well as some interesting camera slider models. A trademark of this company is that they name almost all their products after food.
Shutter Encoder – Multitool for video and audio
If you want to work with video on a machine that does not support all of today's codecs (preferably via hardware), you will often come up against limits. This ranges from a stuttering timeline to clips that are not displayed at all. Then there are the clips from smartphones, which are usually recorded with a variable frame rate. Professional editing systems usually don't like this either, which can lead to asynchronous picture and sound or even rendering errors.
Plug and Play and Palaver?
Simply plug it in via USB - and get started as a podcasting presenter? The Seiren V2 Pro was launched at the same time as the Seiren V2 X. What all releases in the Seiren V2 series have in common is that they are designed as recording devices for streamers.
C&R.me – post-production in the cloud
It's been a few years now since the term "cloud" has gone from buzzword to hype to working reality - but so far there are
very few tools that can do everything in the cloud. Sure, some tools have access or even their "own clouds", but wouldn't an "everything in the cloud" solution be better?
Welcome to the second part, which is all about 3D sound, or rather 3D sound is all about us. In the last article, we answered the questions about how you can enjoy three-dimensional sound and what software and hardware you need.
Fallout becomes cinematic.
Paul Hatton catches up with Nikita Travnikov, an executive producer for Huuuge Games and 3D tinkerer - and we chat about the whole Fusion/Resolve pipeline!
Engineering data to CGI –what could possibly go wrong?
Almost every major industry that is manufacturing sophisticated physical products uses computer aided styling (CAS) or design (CAD) in at least some steps of its development. Living in the digital age, one could assume that using this engineering output to create media products shouldn’t pose too much of a challenge. Sadly, that is only true if you know your way around some common pitfalls and peculiarities of the engineering universe.
Grading tricks from a professional
Many of you come into contact with colour grading time and again, whether intentionally or unintentionally. For example, when thinking about colours in the context of a VFX workflow or, like me, because it has become part of my job as a filmmaker in the image film sector. It would be perfectly conceivable to have this work step done by a professional colourist, but the budget is often not sufficient for this...
Moho 14 – the most advanced 2D animation
"Unlock your creativity and discover that the future is 2D!" This is what Lost Marble LCC, the company that developed Moho (and is now marketing it again), proudly claims on its website announcing the new version of Moho 14.
Shortcuts for more connection
If you work with several laptops, you need help. Otherwise you will
the USB mouse at some point. The MX Keys S Combo from Logitech with mouse and keyboard could be the solution. Views of a n00b who just wants to work efficiently.
The new kid on the block!
The market for VFX and motion design software seems pretty saturated. Nuke for VFX, After Effects for Motion Design, sprinkle in a little bit of Flame and Fusion and that’s about it. Or is it?
Update to the MAX
As always, numerous innovative, experimental technologies were
experimental technologies were presented by Adobe researchers and engineers. Surprisingly, the focus was on artificial intelligence.
Building your own Super 8 film scanner
Nowadays, you don't have to be an engineer or electrician to make your own tools. Thanks to the…
The long-awaited update has finally been released and brings with it a whole host of new features. So many, in fact, that a special issue would be worthwhile. For now, here's an overview and an in-depth article on rendering by Olaf Finkbeiner in the next issue.
Nuke UtilitiesVolume 6 – Keying
Admittedly, if you look at the keyers that are included with Nuke out of the box, it's a who's who of clipping tools: Primatte, Ultimatte, Keylight & IBK, plus Luma, Difference & Co. However, as everyday working life throws all kinds of challenges at us, there are also some clever little helpers that we want to take a look at here.
Look into my Syntheyes, Boris!
Something‘s always happening in the Boris FX- Ecosystem – and just before this year’s IBC they announced that Syntheyes is now part of the family! So we cornered Boris Yamnitzki and John-Paul Smith and asked them what the plans are for one of our favourite tracking Tools.
Hitchhikers Guide to … asset libraries?
Let's talk about asset management! But why do we actually want to organise our assets?
Topaz Video AI Revisited: V4
We only took a look at version 3 of Topaz Video AI (TVAI for short) at the beginning of the year, which had already been improved in terms of user-friendliness, but as we all know, AI is constantly learning. In version 4, the user interface has been revised again and technical developments have also been added in recent months. However, the latter also applies to Davinci Resolve (DR), which has just been released in a new version, so it's worth taking another Comparison.
Beyer your ears!
After testing the rather unusual Beyerdynamic "Space" in the last issue, this time
beyerdynamic "Space" in the last issue, this time we tested a microphone/headphone
"final furioso" of the ideal workstation is a microphone/headphone package - the Beyerdynamic Fox and the DT990 80 Ohm to be precise. So we're poaching deep in the audio segment.
Plasticity 3D – CAD for Artists
"The best solid and surface modelling" - the website of the developer, Nick Kallen
(plasticity.xyz), this new modelling tool, currently in version 1.2.10, is advertised as "CAD for artists". It is said to be an optimised NURBS modeller based on the PARASOLID geometry kernel. The UI and workflow are based on Blender's polygon modeller. The developer claims to simplify modelling for concept artists and product developers in particular, but also for CAD users, and to enable faster results than with conventional CAD tools.
Working in a team with Unreal Engine 5
Games, VR/AR applications or animations are produced in a team
produced in teams. A typical tool for exchanging files is
them in a Dropbox or on a network drive. This
works wonderfully with 3D and 2D tools such as Photoshop or Blender,
but not really with the Unreal Engine. Here you have to resort to
Version control.
The short film "We Hunt Giants" takes the viewer into a world in which humans and dinosaurs fight for survival. Action, drama and CGI - without a Hollywood budget in the millions. Here is a brief insight into the making of the film and its visual effects.
Zenscreen: Would you like a little more?
No matter how efficiently and disciplined you work: At some point there is always too little space on the desktop. Not to mention your desk. Wouldn't it be great if you could expand it with a USB cable?
What about Roundtrips? Premiere Pro and DaVinci Resolve
Professionals experienced in teamwork will probably already be familiar with the following. But what about everyone else who, after initial successes, approaches projects that involve real money and real customers? Mistakes in the workflow and the need to fix them can push your real hourly wage well below the minimum promised by your government, not to mention the loss of your first important client.
Loupedeck Live S
After our colleague Can Erduman tested the "big" Loupedeck in DP 2022:04, it's now time to take a closer look at its little brother - so today we're taking a look at the Loupedeck Live S.
The easy Cloudrendering?
There are many, many companies offering cloudrendering services – and most tell you how you can tweak everything, you have all the control –
and therefor you also need a TD and DEEP pockets, because the first time the bill from the cloud infrastructure arrives, it’s going to be massive.
Our Universe of… Houdini?
Who would have thought that one of our favourite documentaries seen this year would come from Bristol?
Beyerdynamic gets spacey
Just between us: sometimes we don't understand our readers - after testing the Poly 20 in the last issue, we were asked if we knew of any alternatives that might be a little more music orientated. And that in a VFX magazine? Well, now that we know the enquirer, it's clear: the reader needs more bass! (Don't worry, Christof, Olaf and Arianna - I won't mention your names!) - and a company from Heilbronn has something like this in its range.
Your own particle system with simulation nodes
The Digital Production logo has been through a lot recently. It was thrown in Houdini with a wet towel and turned to earth in Tyflow. And now it is
set on fire in Blender - where will it end?
All the teeth!
Sometimes there are fantastical productions, where you get a
monster that feels fresh and new – and once we had seen Season 2 of “Carnival Row” (Release on Amazon Prime), we needed to talk about
the toothy skinned bat: Sparas!
Color, Comp und Conform! Nuke and Nuke X are the de facto-standard in node-based compositing. But even seasoned Nuke artists have often had little or no contact with the closely related reviewing and finishing products.
Castle In The Sky Hommage
We all think Studio Ghibli is great - and if you want to learn what makes it so charming and appealing, a homage is always a good way to go. And I had the opportunity at Ostfalia University,
to really immerse myself - a
an experience report.
Elementary!
You’ve surely seen the posters: There’s a new Pixar movie, this time asking “What if the Aristotelian elements have feelings?” The story plays out in Element City, where fire-, water-, land- and air-residents live together.
New in the toolbox
Standing around the DP stand at FMX and (as so often) looking stupid, various people came by and wanted to know something special. "Do you know anything for..." - and we were able to answer almost everything, and one of them (Hello Ralf!) said we should put the list in the magazine. Okay, here you go - the best tools we've recommended to people directly. You might find them helpful too!
Shotgrid at the discounter?
It's not just VFX studios that have digital assets of all kinds - CGI pipelines are now
now run through all industries. We take a look at what a discounter is doing with Shotgrid (formerly Shotgun).
Performance across the board in Blender 3.6 LTS
Blender 3.6 is the last release before the big jump to 4.0 and again with Long Term Support (LTS). Important work on the substructure has been continued, so that a leap in performance is noticeable across almost all areas. Other areas such as the viewport compositor have been completed and Cycles now supports significantly more hardware. However, this does not mean that the developers have skimped on new features. The Geometry Nodes can now finally run simulations, the Video Sequence Editor has been given a new retiming tool and there is much more to discover.
Tech demo or working tool? DaVinci Resolve on the iPad Pro
You would expect Apple itself to demonstrate the enormous performance of its tablet devices in practice. So far, only gamers have been able to utilise such an iPad, and they are rarely out and about with it. Otherwise, the many cores usually twiddle their thumbs. But instead of a port of Final Cut Pro X, Apple itself uses DaVinci Resolve in its own advertising, which has already been ported, albeit with a limited range of functions.
Can you seriously work with it?
Photos of skyscrapers: An asset with Blender Geometry Nodes
Blender 3.5 comes with assets as standard for the first time. To keep the download size small, these are Geometry Nodes setups. Reason enough to create such an asset yourself and add it to your
and add it to your private tool collection.
Firefly –AI for the Creative Cloud?
Everyone is talking about AI, and even in the general interest One of the points of criticism is copyright, as most programmes simply use the internet to learn how to generate images and text. Adobe has now also released an AI image generator with the beta version of Firefly, but it has a slightly different approach. I was one of the first beta testers to see how well it works.
For most people, the idea of modelling directly in Houdini causes them to break out in a sweat at the very least, and some are even said to have thrown the mouse out of the window in sheer horror. The reasons for this are understandable at first glance.
Behind the FMX..
... are Mario Müller and his team. And we wanted to ask what they see as trends.
We need to talk..
... is the phrase that makes some people break out in a cold sweat. Not because it's about the subject, but because laptops in particular have notoriously poor microphones and speakers. Of course, integrating audio alongside the hardware only works to a limited extent. Wouldn't it be great if there was a device that could turn mumbling into an intelligible conversation?
Got you a Present!
“Present” stands for “Photoreal
REaltime Sentient ENTity”. During FMX 2022, Manne Öhrström, Global Head of Film Software at Framestore, delivered a talk about the Present project, where machine learning translates high-end film character rigs into real-time. A conversation with Manne Öhrström – and with Epic Game’s Research and Development Technology Producer, Emelia Fiell.
The Beauty
This year's FMX trailer is "The Beauty" - if you're thinking "that looks familiar", you're right. The 2019 project won a number of awards, including an Animago "Jury Prize"
of the Jury". So it's all the better that
we can now show this film to even more people!
The Puppet Groove
The animated film "The Puppet Groove", which looks like a music video, shows a rocking puppet band on stage. In the background, the singer narrates their success story in an animated film sequence. But whether the musicians really have everything under control is only revealed at the end.
Creation Effects – Kreative Templates!
Creation Effects at DP reader price: As announced in the article, Noel has sent us a code for a 25% discount on the templates presented in the test!
The power of the crowd
Looking back: In DP 03 : 2015, Lighting Boy Studio realised the film project Le Gouffre. A Kickstarter campaign brought the animated film over the finishing line. An animago AWARD-nominated short film.
"There is no Planet B". A slogan
from various climate protection campaigns, which refers to our current situation of not having a second planet on which to live
on which the inhabitants of Earth could live. The film Planet B shows
a scenario in which exactly that is attempted. On a planet afflicted by drought and toxic gases, a young woman sits in her underground bunker and controls the construction process of a new planet in space.
Trash, Dance & Robots
In winter 2021, we decided to make a film as a group of three under the guidance of our professor Jürgen Schopper about a robot whose purpose in life is to pick up rubbish. A lot has happened in the meantime: the robot is now controlled by an old lady and can - surprise! - dance very well. We have spent many enjoyable, stressful and also funny days at the HFF with our robot and the old lady. The original idea resulted in a four-minute animated film. We - three visual effects students (Valentin Dittlmann, Hannes Werner, Felix Zachau) at the University of Television and Film in Munich - developed, realised and completed this film in the course of our first year of study.